65 Response to phonics through spelling intervention 3 spelling, while afterward these mean scores were above the 10th percentile on all three measures. Furthermore, raw scores and age-based standardized scores are reported for all the predictor measures. Finally, the change scores and change scores per session were calculated. Both requirements as reported by Gollwitzer and colleagues (2014) were met since the standard deviations had increased after the intervention and the differences scores were all positive and thus non-zero. Reading and spelling boxplots before and after the phonics through spelling intervention can be seen in Figure 3.1. Table 3.1 Descriptive Statistics for all Participants in Raw and Percentile or Age based Standardized Scores. Raw scores Percentile scores n M SD Min Max n M SD Min Max Pseudoword decoding Pretest 44 18.77 8.74 6 38 44 8.36 8.46 .10 36.30 Posttest 44 28.48 11.59 4 58 44 13.58 11.80 .10 50.00 Difference scores 44 9.70 8.21 -5 38 44 5.21 8.80 -9.90 41.20 Change per session 44 0.39 0.33 -.16 1.41 44 0.21 0.36 -0.38 1.65 Word decoding Pretest 53 29.15 13.26 2 62 53 5.76 6.34 .10 25.80 Posttest 53 40.19 14.15 10 47 53 10.02 11.06 .10 50.00 Difference scores 53 11.23 0.86 -3 30 53 4.29 9.04 -10.90 34.10 Change per session 53 0.42 0.23 -.11 1.20 53 0.16 0.34 -0.42 1.31 Word spelling Pretest 53 43.02 24.47 5 105 53 5.34 10.41 0 49 Posttest 53 71.66 25.13 7 125 53 13.00 15.06 0 73 Difference scores 53 28.64 1.61 0 58 53 7.66 16.41 -25.00 66.00 Change per session 53 1.08 0.44 0 2.23 53 0.26 0.57 -1.09 1.83 Age based standardized scores Phonological awareness Spoonerism 54 2.78 3.27 0 11 54 7.78 2.20 4 13 Phoneme deletion 54 7.96 2.36 2 12 54 7.91 2.33 4 15 Rapid automatized naming Letter naming 54 41.43 10.82 24 75 54 5.44 2.59 1 13 Digit naming 54 37.37 11.16 22 86 54 6.33 3.00 1 12 Verbal working memory 54 3.93 1.29 2 8 - - - - - Perceptual cognitive skills Picture completion 54 18.24 2.98 10 23 54 10.87 2.77 3 16 Block design 54 38.61 11.66 6 57 54 10.56 3.32 2 18 Picture arrangement 54 25.28 9.07 7 44 54 10.48 2.89 3 17 Object assembly 54 25.94 6.06 10 35 54 10.11 2.77 4 15
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