89 Role of semantics in a phonics through spelling intervention 4 of freedom were corrected using Greenhouse-Geisser estimates of sphericity (e = .53 for Error type). There was a main effect of Errortype, F(1.048, 162.440) =213.914, p< .001, η2 p = .580, as well as an interaction between Errortype and Group, F(1, 155) = 25.245, p = <.001, η2 p = .140. Children with dyslexia made more phonological (t (51) = 4.562, p< .001, d = 0.89), morphological (t(65) = 7.589, p< .001, d = 1.41), and orthographic errors (t (51) = 5.416, p< .001, d = 1.05) than typically developing children. The interaction suggests that this difference tended to be more pronounced in the phonological errors. Indeed, planned contrasts revealed that the difference between the two groups is significant for phonological and orthographic errors (F(1,155) = 78.42, p < .001), phonological and morphological errors (F(1,155) = 78.415, p < .001) and morphological and orthographic errors (F(1,155) = 17.22, p = <.001.): both groups made most morphological errors, followed by orthographic errors and phonological errors). Table 4.1 Descriptive Statistics for Children with Dyslexia at Pretest (n = 52) and Typically Developing Children (n = 105). Children with Dyslexia Typically developing Children M SD M SD Outcome measures Word Spelling pretest Raw scores 43.15 23.54 80.23 20.95 Phonological errors Raw scores 103.21 160.67 1.98 2.50 Percentages 16.28 25.22 0.32 0.41 Morphological errors Raw scores 6.77 4.37 1.88 2.14 Percentages 40.47 25.64 11.72 13.36 Orthographic errors Raw scores 17.44 22.17 1.00 1.61 Percentages 20.96 26.18 1.27 2.04 Predictor measures Phonological awareness Spoonerism Raw scores 2.80 3.35 6.99 3.40 Phoneme deletion Raw scores 7.96 2.35 9.99 1.74 Rapid automatized naming Letter naming Raw scores 41.63 10.944 31.00 10.37 Digit naming Raw scores 37.79 11.26 28.21 6.98 Verbal working memory Raw scores 3.92 1.31 4.59 1.65 Semantic abilities Information Raw scores 12.58 3.27 12.64 3.23 Similarities Raw scores 14.27 2.42 12.49 3.68 Vocabulary Raw scores 30.23 6.14 28.22 6.94 Comprehension Raw scores 20.60 5.52 16.60 5.62
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