232 CHAPTER 3.2 1 The clusters refer to the randomization unit, i.e., the attending hospital physician responsible for a ward, which could be either from medical type (e.g., general internal medicine, pneumology) or surgical type (e.g., orthopedics, cardiovascular surgery). 2 Non-independently living was defined as living in a nursing home (at least 3 months in the 6 months before the index admission) or being housebound. 3 QoL/EQ-VAS: Quality of life as measured by the visual analogue scale that is the second part of the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions questionnaire (EQ-VAS). Values ranged from 0 to 100. Higher values indicate higher quality of life. 4 Pain/discomfort score (EQ-5D): Pain/discomfort as measured in the 5-level version of the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions questionnaire. Values ranged from 0 to 4. Higher values indicate higher level of pain or discomfort. 5 ADL: Basic Activities of Daily Living, as measured by the Barthel Index. Values ranged from 0 to 100. Higher values indicate higher functional independence. 6 ©MMAS-8: Drug compliance, measured by Medication Adherence Questionnaire (©MMAS-8) developed by Morisky (35–37). Values ranged from 0 to 8. Higher scores indicate higher levels of adherence. Use of the ©MMAS is protected by US copyright laws. Permission for use is required. A license agreement is available from: Donald E. Morisky, ScD, ScM, MSPH, Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, dmorisky@ucla.edu. ©MMAS-8 questionnaire was applied a total of 4,805 times (1,913 at baseline, 1,519 at 2 months, 1,373 at 12 months). Abbreviations: N, number .
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