Chapter 6 116 In Chapter 5, we examine the influence of different features of the After-Action Review in VR to enhance the learning efficacy of police officers. Police officers who reviewed their training performance from the bird’s eye perspective in combination with the suspect perspective experienced the highest learning efficacy. This informs instructors on features to use in the After-Action Review of VR training. For instance, when reviewing the training scenario, tactical movement through a space could be portrayed using the bird’s eye view to allow a full view on all team members in relation to their surroundings and each other. During interaction with suspects or perpetrators, the perspective could then be switched to the suspect view (i.e., when aiming to show certain behaviors of the trainee). Next to changes in perspectives, the AfterAction Review provides additional performance indicators such as the line of fire of the service weapon. Results of Chapter 5 show that using the feature of line of fire did not enhance the learning efficacy of police officers. Hence, while the After-Action Review provides a variety of features, not all of them enhance the learning efficacy. Police instructors should select the features based on the training objectives. For instance, if the aim is to train tactical movements of room clearance procedures, turning on the After-Action Review feature of snail trails — colored tracking lines of movement of each trainee — would show trainees their movements from one room to the next over time. Similarly, if trainees learn to position themselves effectively in teams to avoid blocking firing options of a colleague, utilizing the feature of the line of fire in the AAR would be beneficial. In accordance with findings on cognitive load elicited by VR in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4, utilizing too many features at the same time may be distracting from the learning objective. Instructors are therefore tasked with not only designing the scenario content and scenario repetitions according to the training objective but also the protocol for the After-Action review. Subsequently, selecting and utilizing the After-Action Review features effectively maximizes the advantages of VR training and benefits the learning experience of police officers. Taken together, Chapters 4 and 5 provide evidence-based results on how VR training can be applied to enhance the training and learning of police officers. In sum, VR training enhances the training and learning experience of police officers by providing a training tool that: • is cognitively demanding and elicits sufficient levels of perceived stress and sense of presence without additional multi-sensory features such as a pain stimulus; • enables flexible maximization of germane load (i.e., cognitive effort needed to process learning-relevant information) by creating diverse training contexts and scenarios; • enables instructors to use a variety of objective feedback features in the After-Action Review;
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