Chapter 4 86 Training responses The ANOVAs on training response measures showed a significant interaction between the training simulator and pain stimulus for perceived stress, F(1,166) = 6.825, p = .010, ηp 2 = .039 (see Figure 4.4). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni corrections showed a significant difference in training without the pain stimulus in VR and VirTra (p = .009), indicating that when no pain stimulus was used during the training, VR provoked significantly higher levels of perceived stress compared to VirTra (mean difference in perceived stress = 8.23). In addition, post-hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni corrections revealed that there was a significant difference between training with or without the pain stimulus in VirTra (p < .001), indicating that VirTra training with a pain stimulus provokes significantly higher levels of perceived stress compared to VirTra training without a pain stimulus (mean difference in perceived stress = 11.49). Figure 4.4. Disordinal interaction between training simulator and pain stimulus for perceived stress. Note: Perceived stress was assessed on a visual analogue scale ranging from 1 to 100. There were significant main effects for the training simulator on all physical training response measures, indicating that VR training elicited higher average heart rates and maximum heart rates compared to VirTra. Note that these differences were likely caused by the inherent differences between the training simulators (e.g. larger area for movement, the additional
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