Changing Perspectives: Enhancing Learning Efficacy with the After-Action Review in Virtual Reality Training for Police 5 99 Figure 5.1. Refense VR Equipment Note. The VR equipment was provided by Refense. The objective of the VR training consisted of the training of tactical procedures and movements, training of de-escalation techniques, and training of communication skills. The VR scenario contained three different layers in which participants trained these skills. The scenario was spread over a three-story building that contained a bank on the first floor, an office area on the second floor, and a residential apartment on the third floor. Participants were tasked with identifying and arresting two armed suspects that were located on the second and third floor. The suspects threatened bystanders or themselves. All encounters in the virtual environment were with non-player characters (NPCs). These NPCs were steered by experienced VR instructors of the City Police Zurich via an external control station consisting of a computer, an external screen, and a specialized keyboard to control the behaviors of the NPCs. From this control station positioned right next to the VR training pitch, the instructors could steer the virtual scenario and observe the participants on the physical training ground. During encounters with an NPC suspect, the instructors took over the voice of the NPC to create dynamic interactions. To keep
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