For both patients, the risk assessment referred to a previous risk assessment, in which the risk factors were reported. The risk-based screening identified one (0.1%) new carrier. This patient was a known carrier, which was shown in cultures taken at another hospital where an outbreak occurred when the patient was hospitalized. This carrier was not identified through the universal screening. Of the 946 patients, 32 (3.4%) were a known carrier according to their EHR and were placed in isolation upon admission. Of these patients, 12 (37.5%) answered that they were a known carrier. Comparing screening strategies For 946 admissions, both the universal screening and the universal risk assessment were performed. The universal screening identified 37 carriers, of which 31 new carriers, compared to the universal risk-assessment combined with risk-based screening which identified one new carrier (P<0.001). Thirty-five out of 37 (94.6%) carriers identified through the universal screening reported no risk factors upon admissions, two (5.4%) patients stated that they were a known carrier. The yield of the universal screening was highest for ICU and medical patients (Table 1). These patients had the lowest percentages of performed universal risk assessments, but the highest percentages of risk factors (Table 1). Table 1. Characteristics and outcome of screening strategies for the 1017 included medical, surgical, hematological, and ICU patients, with 1069 separate admissions. Medical (n=203) Surgical (n=583) Hematological (n=239) ICU (n=44) Total (n=1069) Female (%) 94 (46.3) 265 (45.5) 100 (41.8) 17 (38.6) 476 (44.5) Age, median (range) 58 (19-90) 63 (18-89) 61 (20-81) 51 (25-85) 61 (18-90) Labelled as MDRO carrier (%) 12 (5.9) 10 (1.7) 9 (3.8) 2 (4.5) 33 (3.1) Universal nasal sample (%) 203 (100) 581 (99.7) 238 (99.6) 40 (90.9) 1062 (99.3) Positive (%) 1 (0.5) 0 (-) 0 (-) 0 (-) 1 (0.1) Universal perianal sample (%) 178 (87.7) 520 (89.2) 223 (93.3) 39 (88.6) 960 (89.8) Positive (%) 11 (6.2) 17 (3.3) 12 (5.4) 3 (7.7) 43 (4.5) Universal risk assessment (%) 189 (93.1) 506 (86.8) 220 (92.1) 31 (70.5) 946 (88.5) 1 risk factor (%) 6 (3.2) 7 (1.4) 4 (1.8) 1 (3.2) 18 (1.9) ≥2 risk factors (%) 1 (0.5) 0 (-) 0 (-) 0 (-) 1 (0.1) Risk-based screening (%) 1 (0.5) 4 (0.7) 1 (0.4) 0 (-) 6 (0.6) Positive (%) 1 (100) 0 (-) 0 (-) 0 (-) 1 (16.7) Abbreviations: ICU, Intensive Care Unit, MDRO, multidrug-resistant microorganisms 2 83 Comparing universal screening and universal risk-assessment for MDRO
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