178 Chapter 14 cases. Therefore, after determining appropriate cases in both institutes, a minimum of 40 cases in each were randomly selected. The following information was retrieved by retrospective chart review after approval by the Institutional Review Board (OLVG: ACWO21-044; VUmc 2022.0269 [biobank 2017.023]; Milan CE 284/2022): age, gender, total tumour size, tumour location, pathological stage adjusted to the 8th edition, time to recurrence, death, and cause of death. Figure 2. Flow diagram of patient selection from OLVG and Milan cohorts, revealing 583 cases with resected adenocarcinoma. After exclusion of 448 patients, 135 patients with an adenocarcinoma of 3 cm or smaller and available follow up were included for randomization.
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