66 Chapter 2 Supplemental Table 2. Definition and application of QUIPS (Quality in Prognosis Studies) domains Biases Issues to consider for judging overall rating of “Risk of bias” 1. Study Participation Goal: To judge the risk of selection bias (likelihood that relationship between PF and outcome is different for participants and eligible non-participants). Source of target population The source population or population of interest is adequately described for key characteristics. Method used to identify population The sampling frame and recruitment are adequately described, including methods to identify the sample sufficient to limit potential bias (number and type used, e.g., referral patterns in health care) Recruitment period Period of recruitment is adequately described Place of recruitment Place of recruitment (setting and geographic location) are adequately described Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion and exclusion criteria are adequately described (e.g., including explicit diagnostic criteria or “zero time” description). Adequate study participation There is adequate participation in the study by eligible individuals Baseline characteristics The baseline study sample (i.e., individuals entering the study) is adequately described for key characteristics. Summary Study participation The study sample represents the population of interest on key characteristics, sufficient to limit potential bias of the observed relationship between PF and outcome. 2. Study Attrition Goal: To judge the risk of attrition bias (likelihood that relationship between PF and outcome are different for completing and non-completing participants). Proportion of baseline sample available for analysis Response rate (i.e., proportion of study sample completing the study and providing outcome data) is adequate. Attempts to collect information on participants who dropped out Attempts to collect information on participants who dropped out of the study are described. Reasons and potential impact of subjects lost to follow-up Reasons for loss to follow-up are provided.
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