70 Chapter 2 Supplemental Table 2. Continued Biases Issues to consider for judging overall rating of “Risk of bias” Valid and Reliable Measurement of Outcome The method of outcome measurement used is adequately valid and reliable to limit misclassification bias (e.g., may include relevant outside sources of information on measurement properties, also characteristics, such as blind measurement and confirmation of outcome with valid and reliable test). Method and Setting of Outcome Measurement The method and setting of outcome measurement is the same for all study participants. Outcome Measurement Summary Outcome of interest is adequately measured in study participants to sufficiently limit potential bias. 5. Study Confounding Goal: To judge the risk of bias due to confounding (i.e. the effect of PF is distorted by another factor that is related to PF and outcome). Important Confounders Measured All important confounders, including treatments (key variables in conceptual model: LIST), are measured. Definition of the confounding factor Clear definitions of the important confounders measured are provided (e.g., including dose, level, and duration of exposures). Valid and Reliable Measurement of Confounders Measurement of all important confounders is adequately valid and reliable (e.g., may include relevant outside sources of information on measurement properties, also characteristics, such as blind measurement and limited reliance on recall). Method and Setting of Confounding Measurement The method and setting of confounding measurement are the same for all study participants. Method used for missing data Appropriate methods are used if imputation is used for missing confounder data. Appropriate Accounting for Confounding Important potential confounders are accounted for in the study design (e.g., matching for key variables, stratification, or initial assembly of comparable groups). Important potential confounders are accounted for in the analysis (i.e., appropriate adjustment). Study Confounding Summary Important potential confounders are appropriately accounted for, limiting potential bias with respect to the relationship between PF and outcome.
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