84 Chapter 4 Table 2: Overview of the use of the different 3D in vitro systems to model healthy and diseased human lungs. (continued) Precision Cut Lung Slices (PCLS) Organoids# Lung Extracellular Matrix (ECM)-derived hydrogels* Lung-on-chip Cystic fibrosis Airway: From patient-derived adult stem cells [46], From patient-derived PSCs [50, 118] From multipotent human foregut stem cells with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutation [119] Not categorised: Nasospheres for drug testing [120, 121] Both alveolar and airway: With epithelial cells from patients with cystic fibrosis [103] Lung Fibrosis Alveolar only: IPF model with cytokines [24], From IPF patients [25] Alveolar only: Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome [48], Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome mutation in embryonic stem cellderived organoids [122] Both alveolar and airway: IPF lung ECM hydrogels and comparison to native tissue [54], Both alveolar and airway: With IPF fibroblasts [103] Alveolar: With epithelial cells (wound-healing and stretch) [123] Cancer Not categorised: Kras mutation model [124] Non-small cell lung cancer [125] T cells infiltration [126] Not categorised: From patient-derived adult stem cells [46], Patients-derived organoids: Non-small cell [127], adenocarcinoma [128], five different subtypes [129], Co-cultured with endogenous tumour infiltrating lymphocytes [130] Not categorised: Non-small-cell lung cancer [131, 132], Mesothelioma [131], Safety studies [133] Only the studies using human-origin cells and ECM were included in the table. #Studies using the following terminology were included under the “organoids” section: spheroids, tracheosphere, bronchosphere, alveolosphere, nasosphere and organoids. *Studies aiming at building lung tissues for transplantation were not included in this table. PSC: pluripotent stem cell, iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell, ECM: extracellular matrix, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, PCLS: precision cut lung slice, TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk4NDMw