218 Chapter 7 differences between the different conditions were not observed for the levels of IL-1β, IL-2, MCP-1 and TNF-α (Supplementary Figure 3). So, in general, the inclusion of T cells in the FSEs appeared to further increase both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, while burn injury specifically reduced the levels of IL-10 and IP-10. Figure 5. Cytokine levels in medium of (burn-injured) FSEs after 3 days of culture with preactivated T cells. Samples from biological duplicates were averaged per donor. Concentrations are reported in pg/mL medium. Experiments were performed in duplicate using keratinocytes and fibroblasts from 6 different donors and T cells from 5 different donors. The dashed line indicates the lowest level of quantification. Statistically significant differences were calculated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. No comparisons were made with the monocytes in matrix. Significant differences are indicated by asterisks: *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01. DISCUSSION There is a strong need for appropriate, animal-free models to study immune reactions that occur after burn injury. As standard FSEs are unable to catch these complex immune reactions [26,27,30,36–38], we developed an FSE with monocytes or T cells to simulate
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