39 The effects of exit from work on health across different socioeconomic groups Table 4. Data extraction form; exit route, health, SES, and the relationship between these variables Health Study Exit route Health SES Results Westerlund et al., 2010 France (43) Self-reported; early/ statutory retirement Self-reported physical fatigue; physically tiredness; 8-point scale Occupational level; low, intermediate, or high No differences Gallo et al., 2009 United States (30) Self-reported; unemployment Self-reported physical disability; physical functioning; 14-point scale Educational level; low, medium, or high Income level; pretax labor earning, dichotomized on $25,000 Physical functioning ↓ less in higher income levels compared to lower income levels Jokela et al., 2010 England (33) Self-reported; disability pension Self-reported physical functioning; 10-point scale Occupational level; low or high No differences Mental health De Grip et al., 2015 Netherlands (28) Self-reported; early/ statutory retirement Neuropsychological tests; cognitive development; immediate recall, delayed verbal memory, cognitive flexibility, and information processing speed Educational level; low or high Information processing speed ↓ faster in lower educated compared to higher educated workers Jokela et al., 2010 England (33) Self-reported; early/ statutory retirement Self-reported mental functioning; SF-36 mental health subscale; 5 items Occupational level; low or high Mental functioning ↑ better in higher occupational levels compared to lower occupational levels 2
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