26 Chapter 2 et al. 2021). Figure 1. shows an example of an AmpC and ESBL confirmation test based on disk diffusion. Figure 1. Example of a disk confirmation test for AmpC and ESBL (Mast® D68C, Mast Group Ltd., Bootle, United Kingdom). Disk A: Cefpodoxime 10µg, Disk B Cefpodoxime 10µg + ESBL Inhibitor, Disk C Cefpodoxime 10µg + AmpC Inhibitor, Disk D Cefpodoxime 10µg + ESBL Inhibitor + AmpC Inhibitor. Figure 1a. no AmpC if no ESBL, Figure 1b. AmpC positive, Figure 1c. ESBL positive, 1d AmpC and ESBL positive. (photo C. Verhulst, Microvida, Breda, Netherlands) The confirmation of AmpC production in various species within the Enterobacterales cannot differentiate the expression of a plasmid and a chromosome encoded ampC gene. In many cases, it will be necessary to perform a molecular confirmation test, which specifically determines the presence of plasmid encoded ampC genes. Various multiplex PCRs and microarrays have been developed (J.A.J.W Kluytmans et al. 2021). In recent years, whole genome sequencing has taken flight, making it possible to analyse the entire chromosome and plasmids of the bacterium. This has the additional advantage
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