112 chapter 4 not aim to examine in the current studies. Both individual and collective transilience were positively related to all adaptation indicators. Yet, collective transilience was significantly more strongly related to community-based adaptation indicators, compared to individual transilience (Hypothesis 2), only in the case of communitybased adaptation intentions and evaluation of SensHagen (Study 2). We did not find that individual transilience was more strongly related to individual adaptation intentions compared to collective transilience (Hypothesis 2). Thus, we found limited support for the compatibility principle (Ajzen, 2020). Remarkably, as expected, we found that collective transilience explains unique variance and is the only significant predictor of community-based adaptation indicators when controlling for individual transilience (Hypothesis 3). Interestingly, this was also found for individual adaptation intentions. All in all, our results support the relevance of collective transilience for motivating adaptation behaviour, both at the individual and community level. Theoretical Implications Our findings have important theoretical implications. Our results indicate that a more positive perspective is possible on how communities, not just individuals, can adapt to climate change. The literature suggests that climate change is predominantly viewed as having negative effects on individuals and communities (Fritze et al., 2008; Manning & Clayton, 2018). Yet, research showed that people perceive they can persist, adapt flexibly, and positively transform in the face of climate change risks as an individual (Lozano Nasi et al., 2023). Our research extends these findings by showing that people perceive they, as a community, can also do more than ‘bounce back’ in the face of climate change by recovering and maintaining what they had (cf. Davoudi et al., 2013), and that they see opportunities for positive change for their community as well. As such, our results bring forward a novel understanding of how communities can adapt to adversities such as climate change, in line with prominent definitions of climate change adaptation, which explicitly refer to both minimising damage and finding new opportunities (IPCC, 2014b). Our research also extends previous work on community-based adaptation which showed that the perceived capacity to ensure an adequate drinking water supply as a community (i.e., collective efficacy; Bandura, 1998, 2000) plays a relevant role in predicting intentions to participate in activities to address drinking water scarcity in the community (e.g., encouraging other members to reduce water waste; Thaker et al., 2016). Collective transilience enables a broad assessment of perceived community adaptive capacity, acknowledging flexibility and the possibility for positive change, without being tied to a specific goal. Additionally, our findings show that the more
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