139 general discussion 2021; Khan & Husain 2010). Hence, future studies can examine which social factors are related to transilience in the face of adversities, and in what way. Third, future research could examine how contextual factors, such as cultural values or national policies, affect transilience. Our findings suggest that contextual factors, notably very restrictive national policies, may moderate the extent to which transilience relates to adaptation actions and mental health indicators, respectively (see Chapter 3). Future studies can examine how these and other contextual factors may influence the level of transilience, or the relationship between transilience, adaptation actions and well-being. For example, the extent to which members of a community can access capital, credit and insurance may likely affect their individual and collective transilience (cf. Cinner et al., 2018), as well as the relationship between transilience and adaptation actions and mental health. Such financial assets allow community members to develop and/or adopt different technologies in order to adapt to adverse events. For example, in some coastal societies where climate change has led to a shift in the fish species available, community members have used local financial savings and credits to purchase new fishing gear that allows them to target the new fish species (Sumaila et al., 2011), as well as to store fish better during farther ashore fishing endeavours (Cinner et al., 2013). As such, it may be that certain contextual features may help individuals to perceive transilience in the face of an adversity. Importantly, identifying the key determinants of transilience can also inform the design and test of interventions aiming to target such determinants and, as a result, foster transilience (and in turn promote adaptative responses). How Can We Enhance Transilience? Given the finding that transilience increases the likelihood of adaptation actions and mental health, it is crucial to understand whether we can intentionally foster transilience. For that purpose, two main approaches may be possible. First, as mentioned above, interventions aiming to target the key determinants of transilience could be designed and tested, once more knowledge about such factors is available. Alternatively, interventions could attempt to directly elicit the perceived capacity to persist, adapt flexibly and positively transform in the face of adversity (i.e., transilience). With respect to this last approach, different intervention strategies could be tested in future studies. One possible approach could be to prompt individuals to reflect on their past experiences of persisting, adapting, and positively transforming in the face of adversities. For example, participants could be invited to describe how they navigated and grew from a specific past adversity, like the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific instructions could be provided to reflect specifically on the three components of transilience (e.g., “list at least two ways in which you changed for the better due to 5
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