18 chapter 1 to a lesser extent. We examine whether people, on average, perceive they can be transilient in the face of climate change risks, across different countries. Furthermore, we examine to what extent climate change transilience is positively associated with different types of adaptation actions, such as individual adaptation intentions and behaviours (both incremental and transformative), collective adaptation intentions and behaviours, support for adaptation policies (both incremental and transformative) and political collective action. Next, we examine the extent to which higher transilience is associated with higher subjective well-being and positive change derived from the confrontation with climate change risks. In Chapter 3, we aim to replicate the findings of Chapter 2 in the context of a different adversity, namely the COVID-19 pandemic. We aim to examine whether individuals perceive transilience in the face of the pandemic, reflecting a more urgent and acute threat compared to climate change. Notably, we aim to investigate the extent to which transilience is perceived across contexts in which the severity of the pandemic differed substantially, and in which different measures were implemented by national governments in response to it. Thus, we test our rationale across two studies conducted in different countries (i.e., Italy and The Netherlands); we also employ a longitudinal design in the study in The Netherlands to examine perceived transilience across different time points, in which the severity of the local threat varied. We aim to investigate the relationship between transilience and various adaptive responses to the pandemic, namely individual and collective adaptation behaviours and positive coping, as well as subjective well-being and positive personal change. We hypothesise that higher transilience increases the likelihood of adaptive actions and enhances both well-being and positive personal change, regardless of differences in mean scores on transilience, adaptation behaviours, and well-being across countries and time points. Additionally, in the longitudinal study we test whether the relationship between transilience and relevant outcomes is similar across time points. Next, to gain insight into whether transilience is causally related to adaptation behaviours and well-being, we examine whether transilience at a given time can predict behaviours and well-being at a later stage in time. In Chapter 4, we examine whether transilience can be perceived also at the collective level, and whether higher collective transilience promotes community-based adaptation behaviours in the face of climate change risks. We test our rationale across two studies conducted in the US and also in the Netherlands, where we focus on a Dutch local community initiative for climate change adaptation. First, based on the individual transilience scale, we adapt and validate the collective transilience scale to capture whether people perceive that they can persist, adapt flexibly and positively transform in the face of climate change as a community. We hypothesise that people
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