55 individual transilience in the face of climate change individual and collective behaviours; support for national and local adaptation policies; political collective action). Although the findings were not always consistent, and many questions remain open for further investigation, the results presented here seem to suggest that transilience can be a relevant construct across multiple contexts. Limitations and Future Research More research is needed to further validate the transilience scale. First, our findings were not fully consistent across studies. Specifically, we could not replicate the finding that transilience is associated with policy support and political collective action in Study 4. These are measures that aim to protect the broader collective from the risks of climate change, and that urge others besides the individual to act for climate change adaptation. It may be that perceiving transilience at the individual level is not sufficient to motivate actions that involve and protect the collective. Future research could assess whether a collective form of transilience (i.e., perceiving that the community or collective can persist, adapt flexibly and positively transform) can motivate adaptive action at the collective level, such as supporting policies to protect the collective from climate change risks. Our studies focused on samples from WEIRD countries (Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich and Democratic). The question remains how robust our findings are across different cultures, and whether similar results would be found in developing countries, which are the most vulnerable to climate change risks and which most urgently need to adapt to climate change (Mertz et al., 2009). Hence, future studies could further examine the validity of the transilience scale across different risks and cultural contexts. Future research could also assess whether transilience is relevant to explain adaptation to other adversities, for instance the COVID-19 pandemic, or personal trauma. Our findings are based on correlations and cross-sectional designs, which do not allow to establish causal relationships. Hence, more research is needed to corroborate the predictive validity of the transilience scale. Experimental designs could be used to examine the extent to which transilience causes adaptation intentions, behaviours, and well-being. Longitudinal studies could be conducted to examine whether transilience can predict adaptation intentions, behaviours, and well-being over time. This would also allow to examine how stable transilience is over time (i.e., test-retest reliability), which in turn would provide insight into whether transilience, which we propose as a state, can also be (partly) considered as a trait. Longitudinal studies over multiple waves would also allow to investigate whether transilience precedes other constructs (e.g., experiencing positive change, well-being), is a consequence of them, or if they are mutually reinforcing. This could shed light on whether and how perceived transilience could be induced and strengthened. The latter is an urgent question, given that our 2
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk4NDMw