72 chapter 3 H2) Higher transilience in the face of COVID-19 is associated with more adaptive responses (i.e., individual, and collective adaptation behaviours, cognitive coping) as well as with better mental health (i.e., well-being, and positive personal change) in the face of COVID-19 pandemic, even if the average levels of transilience and these outcome variables differ across countries and time points. H3) Higher transilience at a given time point predicts more adaptation behaviours and higher well-being in the face of COVID-19 pandemic at a later time point. We also explored whether higher transilience in the face of COVID-19 is associated with higher perceived adaptive capacity and intention to adapt in the face of climate change (as a result of confronting COVID-19). We tested these hypotheses across two studies conducted during different stages of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, when mortality rates, severe health consequences, and levels of uncertainty about treatment options were generally high (Coccia, 2021; Soriano et al., 2021). The first study employed a cross-sectional design and was conducted in Italy, a few weeks after the implementation of a highly restrictive national lockdown that prohibited personal movement and non-essential economic activities (commonly referred to as a ‘hard’ lockdown; Bastoni et al., 2021). The second study was conducted in the Netherlands, shortly after the country’s first COVID-19 case was reported, when the Dutch government introduced measures which progressively limited personal mobility and economic activities to some degree (socalled ‘soft’ lockdown; Bastoni et al., 2021). This study employed a longitudinal design with two time points, where the second time point (T2) was characterised by higher severity and acuteness of the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and more restrictive containment measures implemented by the Dutch government (i.e., the ‘intelligent lockdown’; Masotti et al., 2022), compared to the first time point (T1). Both studies received ethical approval from the University of Groningen. 3.2. STUDY 1 Study 1 took place in Italy between April 28 and May 20, 2020, approximately 10 weeks after the country’s first confirmed case of COVID-19 (Il Post, 2020). During this period, the number of weekly infections gradually decreased from around 14,000 to 4,500, and the number of deaths decreased from around 2,300 to 970 (WHO, n.d.). Additionally, the Italian government gradually relaxed the strict national lockdown (which started on March 4, 2020; Il Post, 2020) by reopening essential shops and by permitting people to leave their house alone to visit close family members within the same region or to do essential groceries; notably, people needed to carry an official declaration (to be
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