98 chapter 4 comprises three key components: persistence, adaptability, and transformability (Lozano Nasi et al., 2023). Persistence reflects the extent to which people perceive they can persist and have the resources to cope and carry on in the face of climate change risks, which is important to (at least) maintain and recover the status quo (i.e., to ‘bounce back’; Bonanno, 2004; Smith et al., 2010). Adaptability reflects whether people perceive they can adapt flexibly and have a broad range of options to adapt to climate change risks, which allows people to revise and switch strategies when needed. Such a flexible approach is important for long-term climate change adaptation, which likely requires a variety of responses (Barnes et al., 2020; Cinner et al. 2018; Linquiti & Vonortas, 2012). Transformability captures whether people perceive they can positively transform by adapting to climate change, for instance by learning something good. Although prominent definitions of climate change adaptation explicitly refer to “finding new opportunities” (IPCC, 2014a, 2014b), this positive side of climate change adaptation has remained under-investigated. Importantly, historical analyses have shown that humans were able to not only persist and adapt flexibly, but also thrive in the face of past examples of climate change (Degroot et al., 2021). For instance, during the Little Antique Ice Age (sixth century AD) and the Little Ice Age (thirteenth to nineteenth century AD), communities responded to climate change by introducing new and better economic practices, technologies, customs, and traditions (Degroot et al., 2021). Although the current rates of global warming are unprecedented (IPCC, 2022), it is plausible that present climate change adaptation also implies challenging and improving the status quo (e.g., finding new ways and exploiting new opportunities; cf. Davoudi et al., 2013; IPCC, 2023). Individual transilience is theoretically and empirically distinct from related constructs like self-efficacy, outcome efficacy and resilience, and it is generally found to be positively associated with climate change risks, indicating that higher transilience does not reflect denying or downplaying climate change risks (Lozano-Nasi et al., 2023). Higher individual transilience predicts individual and some community-based adaptation behaviours, although the latter not consistently (Lozano-Nasi et al., 2023). Perhaps, protecting the community from climate change risks requires not only perceiving transilience at the individual level, but also at the community level. Collective Transilience and Community-Based Adaptation We define collective transilience as individuals’ perception that they, as a community, can be transilient in the face of climate change risks. Hence, collective transilience does not reflect the aggregate of individual transilience within a community, but rather the extent to which an individual perceives that their community (including
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