Chapter 5 128 Table 2. Continued Design phase Qualitative methods Test solution(s) · Interviews · Observations · Focus groups · Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) Overall, qualitative methods or mixed methods were mostly used in the first and last phases of the design process to understand user needs or to evaluate user experiences. In the first phase of the process, qualitative methods such as interviews and observations, as well as literature reviews are commonly employed to understand the problem context. In later stages, the use of methods diverges based on the type of foreseen solution, e.g. digital or non-digital solutions. Quantitative methods were used to either support qualitative findings during the first phase of the process or as an evaluation instrument in later design phases. End-user involvement In 6 of the studies (UCD n= 5, HCD/DT n=1) end-users were actively involved beyond the role of a user, i.e. as information sources but not active participants in the design process. In 27 (UCD n= 21, HCD/DT n= 6) studies, end-users participated as tester, i.e. they were involved in the first and last phases of the design process as testers of the developed solution. In 28 (UCD n= 22, HCT/DT= 6) studies, end-users were involved as informants. Here, end-users are involved in various phases of the process and are asked for input on design prototypes, such as sketches and low-fidelity prototypes. Participation as design partners, i.e. contribution to all phases and involvement in the decision-making process, was identified in 21 (UCD n= 9, HCD/DT n= 12) studies (Figure 3). While UCD approaches involved end-users primarily in the role of tester (n= 21, 37%) and informant (n= 22, 39%), HCD/DT approaches involved end-users as design partners in 12 (48%) of the studies.
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