Chapter 1 14 Box 2. Motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease Motor symptoms Non-motor symptoms • Resting tremor Rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation of mainly extremities, but also lips, chin, and jaw • Rigidity Stiffness and inflexibility of limbs, neck, or trunk • Bradykinesia Slow movement, decrementing amplitude, problematic fine motor control • Postural instability Loss of postural reflexes, poor balance, falls • Gait disturbances Freezing of gait, gait asymmetry, reduced arm swing • Masked face • Dysphagia, contributing to drooling • Dysarthria • Flexed posture and other postural abnormalities • Neuropsychiatric changes Anxiety, apathy, depression, hallucinations, impulse control disorders • Cognitive impairments Impaired judgement and other frontal dysexecutive symptoms, bradyphrenia, dementia • Autonomic symptoms Orthostatic hypotension, urogenital problems, sexual dysfunction, sweating • Gastrointestinal dysfunction Constipation, delayed gastric emptying, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth • Sensory problems Pain, reduced smell (hyposmia) • Sleep disorders Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder, sleep fragmentation, nightmares, excessive daytime somnolence, vivid dreaming • Other non-motor symptoms Fatigue, visual dysfunction, weight changes Outline of the thesis This thesis encompasses several studies and publications on the impact of gender on health outcomes and illness experiences of people with Parkinson’s Disease. An overview of the chapters and methodological approaches included in this thesis, is presented in figure 1. Part I – Understanding the impact of gender on health outcomes and illness experiences The first part of the thesis focuses on understanding the impact of several gender dimensions on health outcomes and illness experiences of people with PD. In Chapter 2, I provide a perspective on the current knowledge base regarding the impact of sex and gender on the multidisciplinary management of care for people with PD. Subsequently, I performed a rapid review of the literature to identify state-of-the-art options for the
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