115 Etiology in Lesion-Symptom Mapping: Tumor vs. Stroke (26%) were the most frequently affected functions in tumor patients, followed by memory recall (23%), visuoconstructive abilities (23%), and semantic fluency (21%). In the stroke group, visuoconstructive abilities (29%) and letter fluency (24%) were the most often affected domains. Fewer stroke patients experienced impaired working memory (18%) and memory recall (17%) (Figure 3). Only for naming abilities and semantic fluency, there was a significant difference between stroke and tumor in the number of patients with cognitive impairments (naming: χ2 (1, N = 280) = 8.08 p = 0.004; semantic fluency: χ2 (1, N = 277) = 4.20 p = 0.04). Performance on the continuous measures of the cognitive tasks used for LSM (RAVLT and verbal fluency) was not significantly different between tumor and stroke (immediate recall: t = -0.71, p = 0.48; delayed recall: t = 0.30, p = 0.77, delayed recognition: t = 0.90, p = 0.37, letter fluency: t = -0.85, p = 0.40, semantic fluency: t = -0.12, p = 0.90). Table 1. Clinical characteristics for the tumor and stroke patients. Tumor Stroke N 196 147 Sex (%) Male 128 (65.3) 99 (67.3) Female 68 (34.7) 48 (32.7) Mean age (SD) 50.9 (14.1) 57.4 (12.9) Range 21-81 19-82 Mean educational level (SD)a 5.4 (1.3) 5.3 (1.3) Hand preference (%)b Left 26 (13.3) 18 (12.2) Right 163 (83.2) 125 (85.0) Ambidexter 1 (0.5) 2 (1.4) Unknown 6 (3.1) 2 (1.4) WHO 2016 classification (%) N.A. II + III astrocytoma IDH-M 55 (28.1) II + III astrocytoma IDH-WT 12 (6.1) II + III oligodendroglioma IDM-M 1p19q 38 (19.4) IV glioblastoma IDH-M 4 (2.0) IV glioblastoma IDH-WT 72 (36.7) Unknown 15 (7.7) Median lesion volume in cm3 (SD) 66.5 (71.9) 5.8 (27.1) Range 1.2 – 349.1 0.1 – 233.2 Lesion location (%) Left 117 (59.7) 66 (44.9) Right 65 (33.2) 66 (44.9) Bilateral 14 (7.1) 15 (10.2) Group differences in clinical characteristics were tested with a Pearson χ2 test or Kruskal-Wallis test when appropriate. Significant differences (p < 0.05) are shown in bold. aEducational level was assessed using the Verhage criteria (1964). bHand preference was self-reported. 5
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