160 6 Chapter 6 Figure 1. Study diagram (continued) (n=19); active treatment in control group (n=9). 7 studies (7 records) awaiting classification. 11 studies (12 records) ongoing. 26 new studies (57 records) included 52 studies (95 records) included in qualitative synthesis 52 studies (95 records) included in quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) Included studies We included the 26 RCTs from the 2013 version of the Cochrane Review (Kruis 2013). A total of 52 studies (represented by 95 citations) contributed to the current meta-analysis, including 26 new studies (Aboumatar 2019; Bernocchi 2017; Fan 2012; Freund 2016; Haesum 2012; Jimenez-Reguera 2020; Kalter-Leibovici 2018; Kennedy 2013; Kessler 2018; Khan 2019; Ko 2016; Kruis 2014; Lenferink 2019; Lilholt 2017; Lou 2015; Öztürk 2020; Rose 2017; Sanchez-Nieto 2016; Silver 2017; Tabak 2014; Titova 2017; Vasilopoulou 2017; Vianello 2016; Wang 2017; Zhang 2020; Zwar 2016). The newly included studies were published between 2014 and 2020 and originated from across the globe. Four studies originated from China (Ko 2016; Lou 2015; Wang 2017; Zhang 2020), three from the USA (Aboumatar 2019; Fan 2012; Silver 2017), and one from Canada (Rose 2017). A total of nine studies were performed in Northwestern Europe - three in the Netherlands (Kruis 2014; Lenferink 2019; Tabak 2014), two in Denmark (Haesum 2012; Lilholt 2017), and one each in Germany (Freund 2016), the UK (Kennedy 2013), and Norway (Titova 2017). Kessler 2018 was a multi-national multi-centre study performed in Germany, France, Italy, and Spain. Five studies were performed in Southern Europe - Italy (Bernocchi 2017; Vianello 2016), Spain (Jimenez-Reguera 2020; Sanchez-Nieto 2016), and Greece (Vasilopoulou 2017). Three studies were performed in Western Asia - one in Israel (Kalter-Leibovici 2018), one in Pakistan (Khan 2019), and one in the Asian part of Turkey (Öztürk 2020). One study originated from Australia (Zwar 2016). Of the 52 studies that met eligibility criteria, nine used a cluster-RCT design, with general practices or healthcare regions as the unit of randomisation (Freund 2016; Kennedy 2013; Khan 2019; Kruis 2014; Lilholt 2017; Lou 2015; Rea 2004; Wood-Baker
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