162 6 Chapter 6 components (telemonitoring and structural follow-up, respectively), we included both as separate interventions Including the dominant components identi ed by Kruis 2013, we arrived at the following categories of dominant components of IDM programmes: 1. Exercise (13 studies: Bendstrup 1997; Boxall 2005; Cambach 1997; Engstrom 1999; Fernandez 2009; Gottlieb 2011; Güell 2000; Güell 2006; Mendes 2010; Strijbos 1996; Theander 2009; van Wetering 2010; Wijkstra 1994). 2. Self-management with an exacerbation action plan (12 studies: Aboumatar 2019; Bourbeau 2003; Jimenez-Reguera 2020; Kennedy 2013; Ko 2009; Kruis 2014; Lenferink 2019; Öztürk 2020; Rice 2010; Sanchez-Nieto 2016; Trappenburg 2011; Wood-Baker 2006). 3. Structured follow-up with healthcare professionals, including case management (15 studies: Aiken 2006; Dheda 2004; Farrero 2001; Freund 2016; Kalter-Leibovici 2018; Kessler 2018; Khan 2019; Ko 2016; Lilholt 2017; Littlejohns 1991; Rose 2017; Smith 1999; Titova 2017; Vasilopoulou 2017; Zhang 2020). 4. Individualised educational sessions (5 studies: Fan 2012; Lou 2015; Silver 2017; Wakabayashi 2011; Zwar 2016). 5. Telemonitoring (6 studies: Bernocchi 2017; Haesum 2012; Tabak 2014; Vasilopoulou 2017; Vianello 2016; Wang 2017). In addition, Kruis 2013 identi ed two studies that each had two dominant components. Sridhar 2008 included two components on which most of the intervention time was spent (i.e. exercise and self-management with action plan). Rea 2004 included two dominant components: self-management with action plan and structured follow-up. Therefore we included these two studies in separate categories, namely, exercise and self-management and self-management and structural follow-up. Outcomes We combined the outcomes of 26 recently included studies with the 26 already included studies. We recorded the number of studies reporting a speci c outcome as follows. 1. Quality of life (46 studies). 2. Exercise capacity (28 studies). 3. Exacerbation-related outcomes: measured by numbers of exacerbations, hospital admissions, hospitalisation days, emergency department (ED) visits, prednisolone or antibiotics courses (32 studies). 4. Lung function (21 studies). 5. Survival, mortality (15 studies).
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