voltage was achieved. Reproducibility of measurements was checked to ensure reliable data. Due to its inherent activity for water reduction, a Nickel electrode was used to probe the impact of the presence of water experimentally. Gas Analysis and Faradaic Efficiency Evaluation Method. To evaluate Faradaic efficiency for a reaction, gas and liquid products were analyzed. For gas analysis, the GC was first calibrated for the relevant ppm's of CO and other potential products for CO2 reduction. Figure S2.4 shows examples of the calibration data for CO and H2. The pressure drop over the lines of the GC was taken into account for calculating CO concentration. The flow in was always contrasted with the flow out to ensure a leak-less experiment. Before electrolysis, a few sequences from the reactor were recorded to obtain the background with no reaction. After obtaining the background, electrolysis started and CO was detected (Figure S2.5). After GC measurement, the pressure drop was re-measured to ensure that the experimental conditions were the same as at the beginning of the electrolysis. Based on calibration measurements, CO ppm was evaluated and then converted to mol fraction by the use of GC pressure drop, lab temperature, and total volume of the gas. After electrolysis, the solution was always analyzed by NMR to inspect the presence of other possible products. Figure 2.2. LSV results for a Ni electrode under He purge at varying levels of water content. Introducing 500 ppm (red) and 2000 ppm (blue) of water induces a noticeable increase in the reductive current within the same electrochemical window.
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