Chapter 4 116 SEM, and N = 1 time series. Hence, DSEM allowed us to estimate within-family parenting effects for each individual adolescent in the sample separately (for other examples, see Beyens et al., 2021; Bülow, Neubauer, et al., 2022). The Current Study The aim of this preregistered within-family study3 was to increase the understanding of heterogeneity in parenting effects, and whether this heterogeneity can be explained by environmental sensitivity models. Therefore, we tested per individual adolescent whether they suffered from adverse parenting (adverse sensitive), benefited from supportive parenting (vantage sensitive), experienced both (differentially susceptible), or neither of the two (unsusceptible). To do so, we intensively followed families for 26 bi-weekly measurement occasions, thus spanning a full year. To follow guidelines of Belsky & Pluess (2009) and Pluess & Belsky (2013), we examined the responsiveness of individual adolescents to over-time changes in both adverse and supportive parenting. In line with prior studies (e.g., Slagt et al., 2016; Weyn et al., 2022) and recommendations (e.g., Belsky & Pluess, 2009; Pluess & Belsky, 2013), adverse parenting was measured as psychological control and supportive parenting as emotional support (rather than treating the absence of adversity as a supportive condition). Parental psychological control includes behaviors such as intrusiveness, criticism, and manipulation (Barber et al., 2012; Soenens & Vansteenkiste, 2010). Parental emotional support (hereafter called support) includes warmth, affection, companionship, and intimacy (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985; Soenens et al., 2017). According to the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), parental psychological control actively thwarts children’s psychological functioning, whereas parental support actively promotes children’s psychological functioning (Soenens et al., 2017). Accordingly, parental psychological control can be understood as a risk factor, with more psychological control hindering children’s psychological functioning, whereas a lack of psychological control is not necessarily fostering better functioning. Parental support can be understood as a promotive factor, with more support promoting better psychological functioning, whereas a lack of support is not necessarily hindering children’s functioning (Farrington et al., 2016; Soenens et al., 2017; Stouthamer-Loeber et al., 2002). Hence, we examined whether changes (in relation to an individual’s average) in parental psychological control and/or support predicted within-family changes in adolescents’ psychological functioning. In prior within3 For preregistration hypotheses and analytical approach see https://osf.io/8egxf/
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