Chapter 4 118 and apply to different subgroups of adolescents (H3) (Pluess & Belsky, 2012, 2013). To test this, we described how many adolescents in our sample demonstrated one of the following responsivity patterns: adverse sensitive (“for worse”), vantage sensitive (“for better”), differentially susceptible (“for better and for worse”) or unsusceptible (“for neither”). A description of the pattern of parenting effects for each responsivity pattern is described in Table 1. For example, an adolescent was considered adverse sensitive if parental psychological control, but not parental support, predicted decreased psychological functioning (i.e., lower self-esteem and/or more depressive symptoms and/ or more anxiety symptoms). We preregistered that H3 is confirmed if we would find more than one responsivity pattern in our sample. We did not have a priori hypotheses regarding to how many adolescents in our sample would show these responsivity patterns. Table 1 Hypothesized Coexisting Responsivity Patterns Responsivity pattern Parenting effects on adolescent psychological functioning Psychological control (adverse parenting) Support (supportive parenting) Adverse sensitive (“for worse”) - 0 Vantage sensitive (“for better”) 0 + Differentially susceptible (“for both”) - + Unsusceptible (“for neither”) 0 0 Note. Effect on adolescent psychological functioning pertains an effect on self-esteem and/or depressive symptoms and/or anxiety symptoms. 0 = null effect (-.05 > β < .05), + = positive effect (β ≥ .05), - = negative effect (β ≤ -.05). Fourth, we hypothesized that trait levels of environmental sensitivity (i.e., sensory processing sensitivity; Aron et al., 2012) would be linked to the empirically derived responsivity patterns, because the trait environmental sensitivity captures the general ability to perceive, processes, and respond to environmental influences (Pluess, 2015; Tillmann et al., 2021). The HSC is suggested to be marker for a “for better and for worse” responsivity pattern (Pluess et al., 2018; Slagt et al., 2018). However, because it has not been tested how the HSC predicts within-family parenting effects, we tentatively formulated the following hypothesis (H4): Differentially susceptible adolescents (see H3) would be more environmentally sensitive than other adolescents, especially more than unsusceptible adolescents, but possibly also more than adverse sensitive and vantage sensitive adolescents.
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