Chapter 4 142 capture changes in positive psychological functioning. Hence, future studies including a more reliable measurement of positive adolescent functioning are desired. Fourth, we examined bi-weekly parenting effects. Because (heterogeneity in) parenting effects may not generalize to other timescales (Boele, Nelemans et al., 2023; Lerner & Schwartz, 2009; Voelkle et al., 2018), future research that can disentangle the direction of effects at multiple timescales should clarify for whom and when certain parenting practices are rather hindering than helping. Nonetheless, we also call for enriched parenting theories that specify the timescale(s) of the parenting processes to guide future research (Boele, Nelemans et al., 2023). Fifth, although parenting processes are bidirectional in nature (Soenens & Vansteenkiste, 2020), we focused on heterogeneity in parent-driven effects (i.e., from parenting to adolescent functioning). Yet, heterogeneity in adolescent-driven (i.e., from adolescent functioning to parenting) effects might also exist, for example due to differences in parents’ environmental sensitivity. As sensory processing sensitivity is a heritable trait (Greven et al., 2019), it is likely that in some families both adolescents and parents are more responsive to each other than in other families. Therefore, an important direction for future research is to uncover heterogeneity in both parent-driven and adolescent-driven effects. Sixth, with a focus on the primary socialization context: the family, the current study did not address whether findings generalize to different important environmental influences, such as peer relationships (Belsky et al., 2022; Sayler et al., 2022). The extent to which the same children are differently affected by different environmental influences can only be answered with a more integrated cross-contextual, longitudinal approach. Conclusion According to environmental sensitivity models (Belsky & Pluess, 2009; Pluess, 2015), individuals differ in how responsive they are to environmental influences, such as parenting influences (e.g., Slagt et al., 2016). Three dominant theoretical models describe such individual differences in responsivity, describing either responsivity to primarily adverse influences (diathesis-stress; Monroe & Simons, 1991), primarily supportive influences (vantage sensitivity; Pluess & Belsky, 2013) or to both (differential susceptibility; Belsky & Pluess, 2009). Our findings demonstrate that these three theoretical models likely complement each other and coexist, but our findings also illuminate previously undetected
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