5 The direction of effects is family-specific 149 parent in another family may instead (unintentionally) amplify the adolescent’s negative feelings by showing less affection, as the parent themselves withdraws from the expressed sadness. In dynamic systems and related theories, such phenomena are called inhibiting and reinforcing processes, respectively (Kunnen et al., 2019). An inhibiting process is the driving force behind maintaining stability, whereas a reinforcing process may trigger a change. As these processes are meaningful, it is important to examine potential heterogeneity in the nature of reciprocal parent-adolescent dynamics. Figure 1 Theoretical Different Directions of Effects Between Parenting and Adolescent Well-Being Within a Family Note. (A) Reciprocal effects: fluctuations in parenting and adolescent well-being predict each other from one time point (e.g., day) to the next. These reciprocal effects can differ in nature, such that reinforcing and inhibitory cycles are possible, including positive (+) and/or negative effects (-). (B) Parent-driven effect: fluctuations in parenting predict later adolescent well-being but not vice versa. (C) Adolescent-driven effect: fluctuations in adolescent well-being predict later parenting but not vice versa. (D) No effects: fluctuations in parenting and adolescent well-being do not predict each other over time.
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