1 General introduction 15 this dissertation therefore focused on the dynamic processes between (perceived) parenting and adolescent functioning, introducing novel methodological designs that allowed me to do so (e.g., intensive longitudinal methods). 1.4 Reciprocity: Adolescents also influence their parents Theories of human development, such as bio(psychosocial) ecological models (Bronfenbrenner, 2005; Sameroff, 2010) and the dynamic systems perspective (Granic et al., 2008; Smith & Thelen, 2003) emphasize the omnipresence of personenvironment transactions. Person-environment transactions are dynamic and ongoing, with individuals shaped by and shaping their immediate environment. This highlights the importance of considering both the person and their social environment when aiming to understand human development. When applied to parenting adolescents, adolescents might not merely be a product of their parents’ parenting practices, as described in earlier paragraphs (see 1.2 and 1.3), but most likely also exert influences on their parents. Table 1 Matching theoretical questions with methodological design Theoretical questions Concepts Parenting styles Stable levels, trait-like, differences between families Dynamic parenting processes Dynamics, change, over-time fluctuations, time-varying situations Research questions (examples) What characterizes families in which adolescents show relatively worse or better functioning? How do fluctuations in parenting and adolescent functioning predict each other on average within families? And which time-invariant or time-varying characteristics moderate these withinfamily effects? What are the unique dynamics between parenting and adolescent functioning in a specific family? And how do these family-specific parenting processes vary across families? Level of analysis Between-family level (nomothetic) Within-family level Individual-family level (idiographic) Methodological design Design Cross-sectional or longitudinal panel study (years) Longitudinal study (days to years) Intensive longitudinal study (seconds to weeks) Sample size Large Medium to large ≥ 1 (small to large) Time points One or few Few to many Many Analyses (examples) Correlation, regression, CLPM Multi-level regression, RICLPM, DSEM DSEM, GIMME, state space grid Note. (RI-)CLPM = (random intercept) cross-lagged panel model. DSEM = dynamic structural equation modelling. GIMME = group iterative multiple modelling estimation.
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