5 The direction of effects is family-specific 151 positive or negative effect) (Boele, Bülow, de Haan, et al., 2023; Bülow, Van Roekel, et al., 2022). For instance, some adolescents benefited from supportive parenting, whereas others did not respond to it or were even negatively impacted by it. Heterogeneity in parent-driven and adolescent-driven effects (see Fig. 1) has not yet gained much scientific attention, though, leaving important questions unanswered: How heterogeneous is the direction of effects? The Present Study In the present idiographic study, 159 Dutch families were meticulously followed up for 100 consecutive days to investigate the family-specific day-to-day dynamics between perceived parenting and adolescent affective well-being. The main aim was to test a pre-registered hypothesis (https://osf.io/7n2jx/) that some families would show reciprocal effects, whereas others would show either a parent-driven effect, an adolescent-driven effect, or no effects at all (see Fig. 1). This hypothesis was tested across eight distinct parenting-affect associations: four key dimensions of parenting with two dimensions of adolescent affective well-being. We explored whether families showed a similar direction of effects across those distinct associations and whether heterogeneity in directionality could be explained by attributes of the adolescent (i.e., demographic factors and personality traits). Furthermore, we examined whether families showed qualitatively different reciprocal effects (i.e., inhibiting and reinforcing cycles). METHOD Participants A total of 159 adolescent-parent dyads participated in the “100 days of my life” study (https://osf.io/5mhgk/). The adolescents were between 12 and 16 years old (Mage = 13.1, SDage = 1.22), and 62% were female (36% male, 2% neither female nor male). Most were born in the Netherlands (89%), and some in other European countries (6%), or counties in Asia (2%), North America (1%), South America (1%), or Africa (1%). Moreover, 15% of the adolescents followed pre-vocational secondary education or vocational training, 30% higher general secondary education, 51% pre-university secondary education, and 5% a mixed educational track. Adolescents reported on one participating primary caregiver of choice: biological mothers (79%), fathers (19%), or other caregivers (n = 1 adoption mother, n = 1 second mother, n = 1 stepfather) – hereafter called parents. Parents were on average 45.3 years old (SD =
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