5 The direction of effects is family-specific 159 more next-day negative affect within the average adolescent (β = .04 and .05). However, no significant average lagged effects were found for parental autonomy support and warmth. Although these results show the average day-to-day effects in the sample, they do not provide information on how perceived parenting and adolescents’ affective wellbeing are linked in each individual family. Family-Specific Effects: Heterogeneity in Direction of Effects In line with our hypothesis, models for both positive and negative affect revealed that the direction of effects for parenting-affect associations was heterogeneous across families. Depending on the combination of parenting and affect dimensions, 11.4% to 54.7% of families demonstrated a reciprocal effect, 8.2% to 43.4% a parent-driven effect, 10.1% to 27.0% an adolescent-driven effect, and 15.7% to 60.1% (close to) null effects (see Table 2). The family-specific estimates thus suggest that the direction of effects in day-to-day parent-adolescent dynamics varied across families and across dimensions of parenting and adolescent affective well-being. Table 2 Direction of Effects Within Families Across Parenting-Affect Associations Cross-lagged association Direction of effects Total Na Reciprocal N (%) Parent-driven N (%) Adolescent-driven N (%) No effects N (%) Positive affect 1. Psychological control 36 (23.2%) 53 (34.2%)↑ 24 (15.5%)↓ 42 (27.1%) 155 2. Behavioral control 36 (22.9%) 44 (28.0%) 26 (16.6%)↓ 51 (32.4%)↑ 157 3. Autonomy support 58 (36.7%)↑ 29 (18.3%) 37 (23.4%) 34 (21.5%) 158 4. Warmth 87 (54.7%)↑ 31 (19.5%)↓ 16 (10.1%)↓ 25 (15.7%)↓ 159 Negative affect 5. Psychological control 28 (18.1%)↓ 15 (9.7%)↓ 31 (20.0%) 81 (52.3%)↑ 155 6. Behavioral control 28 (17.8%)↓ 68 (43.3%)↑ 17 (10.8%)↓ 44 (28.0%) 157 7. Autonomy support 18 (11.4%)↓ 24 (15.1%)↓ 21 (13.3%)↓ 95 (60.1%)↑ 158 8. Warmth 29 (18.2%)↓ 13 (8.2%)↓ 43 (27.0%) 74 (46.5%)↑ 159 Note. Group size in bold is a majority of the sample in the given association. a A few families had no over-time variance in the parenting dimension, and therefore, had no lagged estimates for that given association. ↑ Proportion greater than expected by chance (i.e., 25%) ↓ Proportion less than expected by chance (i.e., 25%) We illustrate the heterogeneity in the direction of effects with one association (see Fig. 3). Fluctuations in parental psychological control and adolescent positive affect reciprocally predicted each other the next day in 23.2% of families (n = 36). In 34.2% (n = 53),
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