Chapter 5 162 analyses excluding participants with fewer than 50 observations (see Supplementary Table S5) and excluding outliers (see Supplementary Table S6). The results of both sensitivity analyses were in line with the main hypothesis. Again, more families than expected showed reciprocal effects between adolescent positive affect and parental autonomy support and warmth, although the proportion of families varied slightly. Second, because the two items of the behavioral control scale correlated weakly (r = .11), we ran separate models for each item, with the results shown in Supplementary Table S7. Again, more families than expected by chance did not have lagged effects between the separate behavioral control items and adolescent affect. There was, however, one interesting finding: more families than expected showed parent-driven effects with adolescent negative affect and Item 2 (strictness), but not with Item 1 (monitoring). Explaining Heterogeneity in the Direction of Effects Theoretical work suggests that parenting effects depend on the characteristics of the child (Bronfenbrenner, 2005; Sameroff, 2010). Hence, to explore whether heterogeneity in directionality can be explained by adolescent attributes, we examined via nonpreregistered analyses whether demographic characteristics (i.e., sex, education, and age) and two theoretically relevant personality traits (according to environmental sensitivity theories (Lionetti et al., 2019; Pluess, 2015)) were related to the magnitude of the absolute family-specific effect sizes. No clear correlations were found with adolescent sex (0/16 significant) and educational level (2/16 significant; see Table 4). Correlations with adolescent age indicated that fluctuations in negative affect predicted both next-day psychological and behavioral control more strongly in younger (versus older) adolescents. Regarding personality traits, environmental sensitivity (4/16 significant) and neuroticism (7/16 significant) were correlated with several family-specific effects. Overall, these correlations suggest that adolescents with relatively higher environmental sensitivity had positive affect that was more affected by parenting, and that adolescents with relatively higher neuroticism had stronger daily linkages between perceived parenting and negative affect. Information about the measurements of environmental sensitivity and neuroticism can be found in the Supplementary Information. Heterogeneity in the Nature of Reciprocal Effects The results of our exploratory analyses show that the sign (i.e., positive or negative) of the effects varied across families (for sample distributions of the family-specific
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