6 Like no other? 173 convey little to no information on the dynamic processes that unfold within families, that is, how parents and adolescents of the same family influence each other over time (Hamaker, 2012; Molenaar & Campbell, 2009). Accordingly, it remains an open question whether families also differ in their everyday parent-adolescent dynamics, including different kind of parenting behaviors. As everyday influences between parents and their children are believed to be “the primary engines of development” (Bronfenbrenner, 2005, p. 6), it is vital to understand how daily parent-adolescent dynamics unfold (differently) within families. Towards Studying Heterogeneous Parent-Adolescent Dynamics in Everyday Life In addition to more stable styles, parents express a wide range of more specific behaviors, also called practices (e.g., warmth, strictness), which fluctuate across time and situations (Darling & Steinberg, 1993). Fluctuations in parenting practices are believed to have a direct impact on adolescent well-being (Darling & Steinberg, 1993) and vice versa (Kuczynski & Parkin, 2007). Such daily influences between parents and adolescents are believed to vary across (subgroups of) families, due to individual factors (e.g., personality; Pluess, 2015), contextual factors (e.g., culture; Soenens et al., 2015), or a family’s unique interplay between various factors at multiple levels (Bronfenbrenner, 2005; Van Geert & Lichtwarck-Aschoff, 2005). Hence, to understand how parenting practices affect the everyday well-being of adolescents, it is vital to investigate (a) how daily fluctuations in the two are associated within individual families (see Figure 1 for an example of such daily fluctuations) and (b) how such associations differ across these individual families. With the increasing technological possibility of collecting intensive longitudinal data (e.g., experience sampling and daily diary), an increasing number of intensive longitudinal studies on parenting adolescents are being conducted (for a review see Boele et al., 2020). These studies have provided several insights. First, different kinds of parenting practices indeed fluctuate across time, such as from moment to moment or day to day (for example, see Figure 1). Second, such over-time fluctuations in parenting practices are associated with fluctuations in adolescents’ well-being within “the average family” (Boele et al., 2020). For example, more daily parental warmth than typical is related, on average, to a more positive affect in adolescents (e.g., Bülow, Neubauer, et al., 2022; Xu & Zheng, 2022). Third, initial studies suggest, however, that daily parenting effects within the average family are unlikely to apply to each and every individual family. That is, the nature of the bivariate associations between parenting and adolescent functioning and
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