6 Like no other? 175 Various studies have tried to illuminate why families differ in their everyday parenting effects, with some studies detecting meaningful differences, whereas others did not (Boele et al., 2020). For instance, one study found that daily increases in parent-child conflict and adolescent emotional distress were more strongly linked in female adolescents than in male adolescents (Chung et al., 2009); while other studies found no sex differences (e.g., Janssen et al., 2021; Timmons & Margolin, 2015). Daily parent-child conflict and parental support co-fluctuated more strongly with negative affect among adolescents with more depressive and anxiety symptoms (Janssen et al., 2021; Timmons & Margolin, 2015), and higher trait levels of environmental sensitivity and neuroticism in adolescents have been linked to stronger same-day associations between parental support and adolescent affect (Bülow, Neubauer, et al., 2022). Hence, empirical studies suggest that adolescent characteristics such as sex, psychological functioning, and personality may contribute to differences across families in how parents and adolescents influence each other in everyday life. Advancing the Field: A Bottom-Up Idiographic Network Approach While recent studies have provided valuable empirical insights, prior studies bear two limitations. A first key limitation is the wide application of a top-down approach. That is, studies have typically clustered families into pre-determined subgroups based on traitlike characteristics such as adolescents’ sex, and subsequently, assessed whether these subgroups show average differences in bivariate associations between parenting and adolescent well-being (i.e., aggregate, then analyze; e.g., Chung et al., 2009). Hence, much of previous research has operated under the assumption that families placed within the same subgroup function quite similarly. To address this limitation, a novel approach can be adopted: a bottom-up approach. With a bottom-up approach, it can be tested whether families can be grouped based on similarities in their parent-adolescent dynamics (i.e., analyze, then aggregate), for example by using data-driven subgrouping procedures (Gates et al., 2017). Another limitation of prior research is the focus on how families differ in bivariate associations between parenting and adolescent well-being. As the parenting style literature emphasizes (Baumrind, 1991), parenting adolescents entails various practices, which may even be displayed at the same time and may influence each other (Darling & Steinberg, 1993). Moreover, underlying individual and contextual characteristics might define the entire nature of a family’s parent-adolescent dynamics. For instance, some
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