Chapter 1 18 Such multiple timescale theoretical frameworks have also been applied to parenting theories. For example, the well-known coercion theory of Patterson (1982) argues that the repetition of hostile parent-child interactions on a micro-timescale impacts the child’s longer-term development of externalizing problem behavior. Furthermore, the recent temporal interpersonal emotion systems (TIES) model (Lougheed & Keskin, 2021) theorizes that parents and adolescents influence each other’s emotional experiences, expressions, and physical arousal at a micro-timescale (e.g., moments or days). At a longer-term (developmental) timescale (e.g., months or years), they influence each other’s psychosocial adjustment, operationalized as stable patterns of emotional or behavioral responses, such as internalizing and externalizing symptoms, or more stable relationship characteristics. Moreover, by means of circular causality, micro-timescale parentadolescent influences may shape parents’ and adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment, and their psychosocial adjustment may also shape the micro-timescale influences. Hence, the contemporary TIES model clearly postulates that parent-adolescent influences unfold on different timescales, depending on the timescale at which the involved constructs fluctuate or develop. 1.6 Heterogeneity: Different families have different process 1.6.1 The quantity of theorized heterogeneity Many theories, including bio(psychosocial) ecological models (Bronfenbrenner, 2005; Sameroff, 2010), the dynamic systems perspective (Granic et al., 2008; Smith & Thelen, 2003), the integrative parenting model (Darling & Steinberg, 1993), and environmental sensitivity models (Belsky & Pluess, 2009), converge on the idea that the nature of the dynamic processes between parenting and adolescent functioning is likely different between families. Nevertheless, theoretical perspectives differ in terms of the quantity of the expected heterogeneity. On the one hand, dynamic parenting processes may vary from subgroup to subgroup due to group-differential characteristics. For instance, due to personality (Belsky & Pluess, 2009), legitimacy beliefs of parental authority (Darling et al., 2007), parenting style (Darling & Steinberg, 1993), or culture (Soenens et al., 2015). Put differently, families who share the same group-differential characteristics (e.g., parenting style) may be influenced in quite similar ways. On the other hand, dynamic parenting processes may be idiosyncratic to each family (Granic et al., 2008; Grusec, 2008). For instance, bio(psychosocial) ecological models suggest that the nature of daily influences between parents and adolescents varies not only due to the characteristics of the developing adolescent but also due to the changing characteristics of the context
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