Chapter 6 194 levels were present in the data, the study included more adolescents from relatively well-functioning families drawn from a community sample. To further unravel how parenting and adolescent well-being interact within diverse families, future studies should encompass larger and more diverse samples, including various ethnic backgrounds and psychopathology. Second, due to the design of the study, which permitted the participation of only one parent-adolescent dyad per family, the findings thus reflect how dyads of different families uniquely interact in daily life. Therefore, it remains an open question whether the dynamics between parenting and adolescent well-being are truly idiosyncratic to each dyad or potentially exhibit common patterns within the same family. Future studies exploring the extent to which parent-adolescent dynamics generalize within families (e.g., siblings interacting with the same parent) could offer a more stringent test whether these dynamics are truly idiosyncratic. Such studies might also provide more insights into the role of shared environmental and genetic factors in shaping the nature of daily parentadolescent dynamics. Third, because intensive longitudinal methods are still in their infancy in parenting research (Keijsers et al., 2022), it is likely that the observed within-family fluctuations in this 100-day diary study also include measurement errors (Schuurman & Hamaker, 2019). Although methodological work suggests that 60 observations per family are sufficient for S-GIMME (Lane et al., 2019), larger individual time series might increase the precision of the estimated family-specific effects and identify more true heterogeneity (Hoekstra et al., 2022). Therefore, pursuing even more than 100 observations per family in future intensive longitudinal studies might be required to comprehend idiosyncratic family dynamics. Fourth, as this study was among the first to apply GIMME to parenting data, the direction of contemporaneous (same-day) associations needs to be interpreted with caution; this is a limitation of ‘standard’ GIMME. GIMME multiple solutions (GIMME-MS) have been developed to more robustly examine the directionality of contemporaneous (and even lagged) associations (Beltz & Molenaar, 2016). However, GIMME-MS cannot yet be combined with the subgrouping option. Hence, future research is also recommended to unravel how the direction of influences between parenting practices and adolescent well-being differs across individual families (e.g., Boele, Bülow, Beltz et al., 2023). This piece of information about parent-adolescent dynamics – who influences whom – (e.g., is the adolescent mainly reacting on the parent or is the parent mainly reacting on their adolescent child) is important for interventions, as it indicates who should be targeted to enable desired change.
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