Chapter 7 206 AIM 2: To Examine Within-Family Associations Between Parenting And Adolescent Functioning On Various Timescales Various theories on human development (Bronfenbrenner, 2005; Sameroff, 2010; Smith & Thelen, 2003) and parenting (Lougheed & Keskin, 2021; Patterson, 1982) postulate that the influences between parents and their adolescents unfold on varying timescales, from micro- to macro-timescales (see Figure 1). Nonetheless, most of the empirical understanding thus far has been about how parenting and adolescent functioning influence each other within families on a macro-timescale. That is, the systematic literature review at the start of this PhD project (Chapter 2), demonstrated that a (semi-)annual time interval, or longer, has been the most common within-family design (n = 30 of 46; see Figure 2). The study of micro- (e.g., momentary or daily) and especially meso-timescales (e.g., weekly or monthly) were less common or even entirely overlooked, even though such timescales are part of contemporary theories (Granic & Patterson, 2006; Lougheed & Keskin, 2021). Figure 2 Number of studies using different time intervals (all earlier studies vs. this dissertation) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 seconds minutes hours day 2 weeks 3 weeks 3 months 6 months Nonequal intervals (≥ 6 months) 12 months > 12 months Until beginning 2018 This dissertation Co-authored work Note. In the multiple-timescale study in Chapter 2, parent-adolescent dynamics at a biennial timescale were examined by using a dataset collected in 2007, 2009, 2012 (here noted as nonequal interval of ≥ 6 months). To start expanding the empirical knowledge of how parenting and adolescents’ functioning influence each other within families on micro- to macro-timescales, the four empirical
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