Chapter 7 210 effects, the bi-weekly effects are not in line with the dual-pathway perspective of SDT (Vansteenkiste & Ryan, 2013); Increased parental warmth was on average related to fewer anxiety symptoms but not to better self-esteem two weeks later, and increased parental psychological control was on average related to more depressive symptoms but also to worse self-esteem two weeks later. Hence, changes in how parents behaved toward their adolescents across a two-week period seems to impact various important aspects of adolescents’ psychological functioning. Whether these bi-weekly parenting effects are the result of accumulating daily parenting effects on adolescents’ everyday emotions (as described under 2.1) is an interesting direction for future research. Moreover, several within-family effects at the meso-timescales were moderate to strong in effect size (see Table 2), indicating that this might indeed be a relevant timescale to empirically capture the dynamic processes between parenting and adolescent functioning within families. One finding that especially stands out are the strong negative reciprocal biweekly dynamics between parental psychological control and adolescent self-esteem. In accordance with the self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000; Soenens et al., 2019), these findings suggest that parental psychological control might undermine adolescents’ feelings of competence, leading to worsened self-esteem. Moreover, a worsened selfesteem seems to evoke more psychologically controlling parenting, possibly because parents aimed to control their adolescents’ feelings in a maladaptive way. Hence, this dissertation thus provides compelling evidence that such need-thwarting processes with parental psychological control may already occur within families on a novel bi-weekly meso-timescale. 2.3 Macro-timescale processes Like many other longitudinal studies (see Chapter 2), I also examined how parenting and adolescent functioning were related within families on macro-timescales (Chapter 3). However, I did not find that perceived changes in parental warmth were on average related to changes in adolescents’ depressive symptoms one or two years later (see Table 2). These findings are similar to many other macro-timescale studies finding no or few average time-lagged effects between parenting and adolescent functioning within families (e.g., Nelemans et al., 2020; Visscher et al., 2023; Vrolijk et al., 2020). Together, the findings of this dissertation and other work suggest that a macro-timescale might be too long to capture the dynamic processes between parenting and adolescent functioning within families (as raised by Keijsers & Van Roekel, 2018). Therefore, future research may want to more frequently employ micro- and meso-timescales designs to
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk4NDMw