7 Summary and general discussion 217 science and in the broader field of psychology offer promising opportunities to finally unravel the complexities of parenting adolescents within individual families. STRENGTHS, LIMITATIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS The work presented in this dissertation holds various strengths. By starting with a systematic literature review, major gaps were identified in the empirical study on the within-family processes between parenting and adolescent functioning. These gaps were a lack of studies on (I) reciprocal time-lagged effects, (II) micro- and meso-timescale effects, and (III) heterogeneity across families. These gaps were each addressed in the subsequent four empirical studies, which together analyzes six adolescent-reported datasets with daily to biennial time intervals. These data were examined with state-of-the-art analyses, including RICLPMs (Hamaker et al., 2015), Dynamic Structural Equation Modelling (DSEM; Asparouhov et al., 2018), and Subgrouping Group Iterative Multiple Modelling (S-GIMME; Lane et al., 2019), each being able to address different questions: From the average (sub)sample processes to the family-specific processes. By doing so, I was able to empirically demonstrate that the dynamic parenting processes of “the average family” are unlikely to represent the processes of each and every family and that parenting adolescents could be an idiosyncratic phenomenon. Hence, this dissertation contributed to the first studies introducing a familyspecific paradigm in parenting science (for reviews, see Chapter 2 and Keijsers et al., 2022; but see also Mastrotheodoros et al., 2022; Molenaar & Campbell, 2009). Nonetheless, several limitations need be mentioned of the work of this dissertation. First, the here studied samples included adolescents from relatively well-functioning families drawn from community samples. Therefore, it remains an open question how the dynamic processes between parenting and adolescent functioning operate in families in need, such as families who suffer from psychopathology. Moreover, the samples lack diversity in terms of socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnicity, culture, religion, etc. Because of the relatively homogeneous adolescent samples, the studies of this dissertation could have underestimated the existing heterogeneity in the dynamic processes between parenting and adolescent functioning. To further understand the idiosyncratic nature of the dynamic parenting processes, future studies with more diverse samples, such as with families from non-WEIRD backgrounds (Western, education, industrial, rich, and democratic; Henrich et al., 2010), are urgently needed. Second, some drawbacks of the study designs may have impacted the precision of the estimated within-family effects. To reduce participant burden in the intensive longitudinal
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