Chapter 2 52 The sample sizes of the studies ranged from 39 to 22,909 (Mean = 1329; median = 409). Mean age during the first measurement wave ranged from 6.9 to 16.1 years (seven studies did not provide the exact mean age), and the percentage of males ranged from 0 to 100% (M = 51%; two studies did not provide the sample’s gender distribution). Regarding ethnicity, most of the American and Canadian studies used samples of which the majority was European American (k = 22 out of 33) and all the Dutch studies used samples of which the majority was Dutch (expect for one study that did not report ethnicity). The other two remaining studies, a Korean and Belgium study, did not report ethnicity. Furthermore, a few studies used low SES samples, whereas the majority of studies had samples that were middle(-to-high) SES (for more details, see Online Resource 1). Moreover, almost all studies that reported about the family structure included two-parent (married) families. Only four studies had somewhat higher rates of single-parent families (between 32% and 40%). Sexual orientation was not reported in the reviewed studies. Several datasets were identified that were used in multiple studies: the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (Chung et al., 2009; Coley et al., 2008, 2009), the Pittsburgh Youth Study (Besemer et al., 2016; Farrington et al., 2002; Rekker et al., 2015), the Research on Adolescent Development and Relationships (Keijsers, 2016; Rekker et al., 2017), the Study of Peers, Activities and Neighborhoods (H. J. Janssen et al., 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018; Svensson et al., 2017), and The Work, Family, Health Network Study (Lippold, Davis, McHale, & Almeida, 2016; Lippold, McHale, et al., 2016). Moreover, based on authors and sample characteristics, two unnamed datasets were identified that were assessed in multiple studies, a daily diary dataset (Bai et al., 2017; Kuhlman et al., 2016; Robles et al., 2016) and macro timescale study (Lam et al., 2016; Lam & McHale, 2015). Findings Organized by Parenting Dimension Tables 2 and 3 provide an overview of the number of nonsignificant and significant concurrent and time-lagged associations between parenting and adolescent adaptation dimensions. Parental support Fourteen studies examined links between parental support and adolescent adaptation within families, with six assessing adolescents externalizing behavior on a macro timescale. In three of the six studies, an increase in parental support was linked to a
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