2 A systematic review 57 adolescents reported more time spent with parents during periods in which they reported less externalizing behavior (i.e., minor delinquency). However, Besemer et al. (2016) revealed that adolescents showed higher levels of externalizing behavior simultaneously when they spent more time with parents. Moreover, more time spent together has been linked to increased levels in adolescents’ physical activity (Lam & McHale, 2015). Concerning the micro timescale, adolescents had lower cortisol levels at times their mother was present (Papp et al., 2009), and adolescents reported spending more time with their mother on days that they reported more disclosure about personal behavior, but not bad behavior or secrecy about personal or bad behavior (no time-lagged effects were found; Villalobos Solís et al., 2015). Additionally, on days adolescents spent more time with their father, they reported fewer academic problems but not peer problems (Bai et al., 2017). Hence, these six studies cautiously suggested that more time spent with parents predicts better adaptation in adolescents at the within-family level. Parent-child relationship quality Seven studies focused on parent-child relationship quality, four of which assessed its association with externalizing behaviors within-families – all using the same dataset with macro time intervals. These studies found that at times during which adolescents reported a higher parent-child relationship quality, they also reported less externalizing behavior (Janssen et al., 2018, 2014, 2016, 2017). The other three studies assessed the within-family link of parent-child relationship quality with several adaptation dimensions, indicating that higher relationship quality was concurrently related to less internalizing behavior (Zhang et al., 2018), less negative affect (Keijsers et al., 2016), and better interpersonal functioning such that they were more open to their parents (Keijsers et al., 2016; Villalobos Solís et al., 2015). Differential parenting Three studies assessed concurrent within-family links of differential parenting (i.e., differential treatment of siblings). The parental treatment was different in respect to negative interaction and support (Padilla et al., 2016; Shanahan et al., 2008) or control (Richmond et al., 2005) and these differences (rather than the absolute levels of parenting) were linked to adolescent adaptation on a macro timescale. Two studies that focused on the link with externalizing behavior suggested that increases in differential parenting covaried with simultaneous increases in adolescents’ externalizing behavior at the withinfamily level (Richmond et al., 2005). When differential parenting of mothers and fathers
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