Chapter 2 58 was examined separately, an increase in differential parenting of the father, but not of the mother, was concurrently associated with an increase in the adolescent’s externalizing behavior (Padilla et al., 2016). All three within-family studies on differential parenting assessed a link with internalizing behavior. Richmond et al. (2005) found that the oldest sibling (but not the youngest) reported more differential parenting at times they also reported more internalizing behavior. Another study suggested that adolescents reported higher levels of maternal and paternal differential parenting in terms of both support and negative interaction at times they also reported more internalizing behavior (Shanahan et al., 2008). However, this was not replicated by Padilla et al. (2016), who found that only increases in maternal differential treatment in support were related to concurrent increases in internalizing behavior within families, but not paternal differential sup- port or maternal/paternal differential negative interaction. Thus, only a handful of longitudinal studies have assessed concurrent associations between differential parenting and externalizing and internalizing behavior within families. Even though some effects have been replicated, the results seem to depend on varying factors (youngest vs. oldest sibling and mother vs. father). Heterogeneity in Within-Family Associations The third key element of this review is the aspect of heterogeneity in the within-family effects. That is, do the within- family estimates vary between families or within the same families? To investigate this, it was coded whether studies estimated variance around the slopes of the bivariate associations as well as whether studies included a moderator of the within-family estimates. Although twenty studies assessed moderators, only six studies mentioned the variation around the within-family estimates. Four of them reported a significant variation (N. B. Allen et al., 2012; Chung et al., 2009; Keijsers et al., 2016), indicating heterogeneity in the within-family effects, and two studies did not find variation in the within-family association (Brauer, 2009; Gottfredson & Hussong, 2011). In addition, some authors reported problems in the statistical estimation of variation around the effects (Lehman & Repetti, 2007; Reynolds et al., 2016). Moderation effects (for an overview of examined moderators, see Table 1) were mostly assessed at the between- family level by investigating how the within-family associations differed between families, and these moderators typically included adolescent, parental, and family characteristics. Most studies assessed adolescent characteristics, focusing on demographic factors (i.e., gender, age, birth order, ethnicity, and race). For example,
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