Chapter 2 64 DISCUSSION Responding to the call for empirical studies to assess how fluctuations in parenting may lead to fluctuations in their own adolescent’s adaptation (Keijsers, 2016; Meeus, 2016; Rote & Smetana, 2018), the current systematic review synthesized peer-reviewed studies on within-family associations between parenting and adolescent adaptation. While both between-family studies and within-family studies are necessary to grasp the complex reciprocal links between parenting and adolescent adaptation, the current review highlighted that the number of within-family parenting studies was strikingly limited: Only 46 compared to the hundreds of studies included in the meta-analyses at the betweenfamily level (e.g., Pinquart, 2017a). In the following section, some first insights are identified into whether children are better adapted in or following periods when their own parents are, for instance, more supportive and controlling. Following this, the limitations and caveats of the included studies are evaluated and directions for within-family studies are provided. Parenting Processes on Adaptation Dimensions: What Do We Know So Far? Most studies investigated at least one of the parenting dimensions control (k = 23), negative interaction (k = 17), and support (k = 13). Regarding adolescent adaptation, the dimension externalizing behavior (k = 24) was the most popular outcome variable. Especially the link between parental control and adolescent externalizing behavior was frequently studied (k = 18), although a fair amount of these studies analyzed the same dataset. The results of these studies, of which most of them were concurrent associations and all on a macro timescale, provided some first pieces of evidence that adolescents displayed fewer externalizing problems in years when their own parents were also more controlling or monitoring more intensively. However, in contrast to key parenting theories (Patterson, 1982; Stattin & Kerr, 2000), there was also a substantial amount of studies that did not consistently show such linkages. Two studies even found the opposite of what one would expect: adolescents reported more externalizing problems at times or before they had perceived more parental control (Coley et al., 2009; Rekker et al., 2017). Furthermore, the within-family studies on parental control and adolescent disclosure showed significant con- current associations in the expected direction but found no evidence of time-lagged effects (Keijsers et al., 2016; Villalobos Solís et al., 2015). Thus, even though the idea that parental monitoring is linked to better adolescent adaptation is established with between-family studies, few empirical studies confirm that fluctuations
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