Chapter 2 68 time modelling to study within-family effects as a continuous function of time; Driver et al., 2017), would be pressing questions for future developmental research. Heterogeneity of Parenting Processes Theories, such as the differential susceptibility theory (Belsky & Pluess, 2009), provide clear ideas about why and how parenting practices may affect adolescents differently. Nonetheless, only a limited number of studies reported the variation or heterogeneity around the average within-family association, and less than half of the studies included moderators as potential explanations. One of the potential reasons why some studies did not assess heterogeneity was their choice to model fixed effects rather than random effects in multilevel regression analyses. Consequently, variance around the slope cannot be estimated using fixed effects, which leaves an interesting aspect of heterogeneity underexplored. One of the studies carefully highlighted the importance of assessing heterogeneity by presenting a distribution of individual effects, showing that more than half of the families had an effect size that deviated from the average within- family effect not only in strength but also in the direction (Farrington et al., 2002). Hence, the average within-family effect can be misleading when a parenting process is not homogenous and therefore it is recommended that average effects are generalized with caution. Thus, to avoid the “one size fits all fallacy” (considering a process to be homogenous while it is not; Keijsers & Van Roekel, 2018) it is vital for future studies to explore and explain variation in within- family parenting processes. Strengths and Limitations Parenting adolescents is a complex and dynamic process, in which fluctuations in parenting may lead to fluctuations in their adolescent’s adaptation, from a decline in parental support being linked to increases in internalizing problems (e.g., Johnson, 1991), to increases in parental monitoring leading to decreases in externalizing problems (Patterson & StouthamerLoeber, 1984). In contrast to the well-established insights into stable differences between families in parenting and adolescent adaptation (Hoeve et al., 2009; Pinquart, 2017b), this review summarizes what is currently known about the associations between fluctuations in parenting on adolescent adaptation. In other words, are adolescents better adapted in or following periods when their own parents are more con- trolling and supportive? By being inclusive in covering parenting and adolescent adaptation constructs, the systematic review offers a comprehensive overview of peer-reviewed studies on within-family associations
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