3 Transactional processes between support and depressive symptoms 81 between perceived parental support and adolescent depressive symptoms vary across timescales, in this study, we therefore analyzed five longitudinal adolescent-reported datasets, with each a different measurement interval (i.e., daily, bi-weekly, three-monthly, annual, biennial), but with an identical analytical strategy. Differences Between Adolescents in Transactional Within-Family Processes Apart from stressing the dynamic nature of development, modern theories also emphasize heterogeneity between families (Belsky et al., 2022; Belsky & Pluess, 2009; Sameroff, 2010). Indeed, a recent diary study demonstrated that daily decreases in perceived parental support were related to a more negative mood in some adolescents but to a less negative mood in others. This effect heterogeneity was explained by adolescents’ stable levels of depressive symptoms (L. H. C. Janssen, Elzinga et al., 2021), illustrating that opposing effects are possible when inter-individual differences are tested. To explain heterogeneity in the transactional processes between perceived parental support and depressive symptoms in adolescents, this study focused on two potential explanatory factors: adolescent sex and trait levels of neuroticism. First, with respect to sex differences, it has been suggested that adolescent girls show stronger increases in depressive symptoms after experiencing interpersonal stressors, such as diminished parental support, than boys (Hankin et al., 2007; Rudolph, 2002). For instance, because girls place greater value on emotional closeness and harmony, they might experience interpersonal difficulties as more stressful than boys (Cyranowski et al., 2000). However, concurrent within-family associations are inconsistent (L. H. C. Janssen, Elzinga et al., 2021; Vaughan et al., 2010). Hence, we tested whether girls may show stronger increases in depressive symptoms after a decline in perceived parental support on different timescales in comparison to boys. Conversely, we explored – without a priori hypotheses - whether the reverse effects are likewise more pronounced in girls than in boys. Second, the personality trait neuroticism has been linked to responses to interpersonal difficulties and might explain individual differences in susceptibility to positive and negative parenting effects, including fluctuations in parental support (Belsky & Pluess, 2009). Neuroticism (the opposite of emotional stability) is the tendency to experience and inability to adaptively cope with negative emotions (Caspi et al., 2005). It has been associated with greater exposure and reactivity to interpersonal difficulties, such as conflict and rejection (Bolger & Zuckerman, 1995; Hammen, 2006). Research demonstrated,
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