Chapter 3 86 and participants were included if they had at least one score on parental support and/ or depressive symptoms. Therefore, the current study included 256 adolescents (28.5% male, Mage = 14.39 years, SDage = 1.59, age range = 12-17 years). Most adolescents (96.5%) were born in the Netherlands and living with both their parents (79.7%). Moreover, 14.8% followed vocational education, 33.2% higher general secondary education, and 52% a preuniversity secondary education. Their parents were primarily born in the Netherlands (95.7%) and being married/living together (75.8%). Some parents were divorced/separated (19.1%) or 5.1% reported other situations (e.g., a parent died, not married but also not living together). Mothers (80.5%) were typically the primary caregivers (i.e., with whom the adolescents spent most of their time). The educational level of the parent(s) was as follows: 14.8% low, 37.9% intermediate, 27.7% high, and 19.5% of the adolescents did not know the educational level of their parent(s). Values of the scales of the study variables were missing completely at random (Little’s MCAR test χ2(2190) = 2770.44, p = .094, χ2/df = 1.27). Procedure Adolescents (12-17 years) and their parents were recruited at a high school (SeptemberNovember 2019). Adolescents and parents provided active informed consent. The first batch of participants started in November 2019 (N = 195) and the second batch started in February 2020 (N = 64). Mean-levels of parental support did not differ before versus during the COVID-19 lockdown in spring 2020 (Bülow et al., 2021). Data were collected through bi-weekly questionnaires that were sent through e-mail every other week for a full year. The study also included a first ‘baseline’ questionnaire and five longer questionnaires that were implemented every three months. For more details about the procedure see Bülow et al. (2021). The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences of Tilburg University (Nr. EC-2019.65t). Measures Parental Support Four items from the Support subscale from the Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI; Furman & Buhrmester, 1985) assessed parental support (e.g., “In the last 2 weeks, how much did your mother/father really care about you?”). The items were responded from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very often). Adolescents could answer the scale for up to two parents, and mainly selected their biological mother and father (93%). A small number of adolescents
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