3 Transactional processes between support and depressive symptoms 89 This led to a total sample of 1,664 adolescents (50.8% male, Mage at first measure = 11.11 years, SDage = 0.97, age range T1= 10 - 13). Of the 1,664 adolescents, 21.2% were still in elementary school. Adolescents in secondary school followed vocational education (10.7%), higher general secondary education (23.7%), preuniversity secondary education (31.4%), or mixed (10.9%). Most of them participated with their biological mother (69.0%) or father (26.9%). The parents were on average 38.9 years old (SD = 3.90, ranged from 26 to 45 years), and the majority were born in Germany (87.3%) and a minority in, among others, Turkey (2.4%), Russia (2.0%), and Poland (1.6%). Most parents were married (78.3%), and some were never married (11.2%), divorced (9.8%), or widowed (0.5%). On average, parents followed 13 years of education (SD = 2.92, ranged from 8 to 20 years). Their educational level was mixed: 12.7% low (i.e., no vocational degree), 63.6% moderate (vocational training), and 23.6% high (i.e., (applied) university). Values of the scales of the study variables were missing at Random (Little’s MCAR test χ2(98) = 114.38, p = .124, χ2/df = 1.17). Procedure In 2008, a nationally representative sample (referred to as anchors) was recruited in Germany that consisted of three cohorts aged 15 to 17, 25 to 27, and 35 to 37. The children of the participants, aged between 7 and 16 years, were included from the second measurement wave onward (here referred to as T1). If the household consisted of multiple children, the youngest child participated. Children become an anchor themselves as soon as they turned 16 during the study. The questionnaires were sent and interviews were held every year. Ethical approval was provided the ethics committee of the Faculty of Management, Economics and Social Sciences of the University of Cologne. More information about this ongoing longitudinal study can be found Huinink et al. (2011) and on the website www.pairfam.de/en. Measures Parental Support The Emotional Warmth subscale assessed parental support (Jaursch, 2003) of the participating parent. The subscale consisted of three items (e.g., “shows that he or she likes you) and was rated on a 5-point scale, ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (very often). With the exception at T3 (α = .65), internal consistency was sufficient across the measurement occasions and ranged from .71 to .79.
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