3 Transactional processes between support and depressive symptoms 99 daily within-family lagged effect from negative affect to parental support was constrained to be equal for both negative affect groups. The analyses suggested that the two groups showed a different daily within-family lagged effect, Δχ2 (1) = 0.49, p = .038, such that we only found a significant lagged effect for adolescents with lower levels of negative affect. Specifically, a daily increase in negative affect predicted an increase in perceived parental support a day later only for adolescents with lower levels of negative affect (βs = .06 and .15, p = .015) and not for adolescents with higher levels of negative affect (βs = .03 to .05, p = .486). DISCUSSION Interpersonal theories of depression (Coyne, 1976; Hammen, 2006; Rudolph, 2009) describe transactional processes (i.e., bidirectional effects) between parental support and adolescents’ depressive symptoms, spanning different timescales. That is, within the same family, diminished perceived parental support may contribute to increased depressive symptoms in adolescents (Cummings & Davies, 1995; Rohner, 2016), and increased adolescent depressive symptoms might either evoke an adaptive supportive parental reaction on the short term (Gottman et al., 1996; Van Bommel et al., 2019) or disturb the parent-child relationship on the long term, with poorer parental support as a consequence (Coyne, 1976; Hammen, 2006; Rudolph, 2009). These dynamic processes occur at the level of the individual family (Hamaker, 2012; Keijsers, 2016): between parents and their own adolescent. To study these bidirectional effects within the average individual family, we estimated Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Models (RI-CLPMs), which differentiates stable between-family variance from overtime withinfamily variance (Hamaker et al., 2015; Keijsers, 2016). Applying a uniform preregistered analytical approach, we estimated RI-CLPMs with five datasets that each had a different measurement interval: daily, bi-weekly, three-monthly, annual, and biennial. Evidence of Concurrent and Adolescent-Driven Effects The vast literature of between-family studies consistently showed that parental support and adolescent depressive symptoms are linked, such that adolescents with less supportive parents show on average more depressive symptoms than adolescents who feel more supported by their parents (Pinquart, 2017b; Yap et al., 2014). As one of the very few within-family studies on this topic (Boele et al., 2020), this adolescent-reported study confirms this concurrent association at the within-family level (in four out of the five
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